Definition Of The Word Love - 873 Words

In my culture I do believe there are differences in the way we communicate because of gender. For instance, as a little girl I played with Barbie dolls and play house, which promoted personal relationships. Boys, on the other hand played cops and robbers, or cowboys and Indians, which promoted violence. In my opinion and experiences with the opposite sex, communication is at times a very difficult thing. For example, I have been dealing with my son’s father for over six years now and no matter what I tell him he will turn everything around and make it about himself or just not even hear a word I have said. It’s as if he does not listen to anything I say or he just interprets it how he wants. I realize not all men are alike. Most men are more literal and simple minded. A lot of times they will be straight to the point and not go into details as most women would. My interpretation of the concept of the word love, would be described differently when you are talking about the love of a relative vs. the love of a spouse/boyfriend. Love is never ending and always true, even when you don’t want to love them, like when it has to do with a family member. On the other hand, when you are talking about someone you are dating or married to, then to me that kind of love is not the same. People that are not family, are in our lives for a certain time, and then that love changes or no longer exists. For some people it just fades away, and for others it turns into hate. I have never beenShow MoreRelatedWhy Marriage Is Important?1004 Words   |  5 Pagesdo it!† These are a couple phrases used by family members or close family friends daily when speaking to an engaged couple soon to be married. Yes, various amounts of congrats are given however more than often marriage is referred to as a negative word and sparks up negative thoughts and conver sations. Why marriage in today’s society viewed as a negative act? It is well known that not all marriages are â€Å"happily† married and others do not last. Divorce is now the easy way out and society is optingRead MoreDefinition Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesDEFINITION ESSAY Definition Essay Definition: The aim in this essay is to define, explain, and exemplify something. Generally, in definition essays, we try to make the terms that we use understandable for the reader. Our understanding of a term may be different from the general concept, or we may be focusing on a specific aspect. Giving an exact definition would enable the reader to follow the ideas and arguments in your essay. Organization: Definition of a term is generally given in the introductionRead More The Importance of Language in Clare Rossini’s Final Love Note and Louise Gluck’s Mock Orange1515 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Language in Clare Rossini’s Final Love Note and Louise Gluck’s Mock Orange Love is such an abstract concept for the human mind to figure out. Along with the love of a mother for her child, there are many types of sensual love or brotherly love; friendship is frequently described as a type of love, as well. This abstraction can also be distorted and made to fit into categories that would normally be associated with negativity and abuse not love. Think of why a woman will continually goRead MoreThe Importance Of Tongue In A Midsummer Nights Dream1637 Words   |  7 Pages The word tongue is used fifteen times in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and to a modern audience, it is evidently â€Å"in reference to speech† (OED, â€Å"tongue† II), yet to an audience contemporary to Shakespeare, it carries a much different implication. One of two primary uses of tongue as a noun is, indeed, â€Å"in reference to speech† (OED, â€Å"tongue† II) because the tongue is â€Å"considered as the principal organ of speech; he nce, [â€Å"tongue† can refer to] the faculty of speech; the power of articulationRead MoreEssay on The Word Love is Misunderstood563 Words   |  3 PagesThe word love is usually misused or misinterpreted. There are numerous meanings and definitions to this overly used word. Not many of them make much sense to me. Love is a feeling of complete bliss. Love is something that can’t be touched or bought, but is something that is much better than money and earthly objects. I can stay here and describe love all day long and still have so much more to say about this word days later. Love isn’t a word that should be used lightly, but usually is. I believeRead MoreValue and Meaning in Rober Nozick ´s The Examined Life Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesabout his interpretations of the words in his chapter titled Value and Meaning and how we use their definitions in the dimension we know to be as reality. Value, defined by Nozick, is a word that gives an object meaning t o a person or something that has one’s own intrinsic specialty. Meaning on the other hand, is defined to be having a connection beyond the boundaries of value. Both words can relate to each other and yet still have much more meaning than the definitions that are provided. Looking furtherRead MoreTheme Of Sonnet 116714 Words   |  3 PagesIn 14 lines and 109 words, William Shakespeare characterizes devotion. The speaker in â€Å"Sonnet 116† converses with us to refute ideas previously associated with love and to establish his own take on the emotion. To do this, Shakespeare uses structure, diction, and figurative language to reveal the speaker’s attitude toward love and to persuade us to accept his definition of love. To help convey the speaker’s message about love, Shakespeare employs a familiar structure -- that of the ShakespeareanRead MoreMisunderstanding Relationships in Boogie Nights Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagesinteresting case study of the unique nature of human relationships, specifically love and friendship. It presents a crisscrossing mash-up of various combinations of traditional love categories: friendly (plutonic or nonsexual) love, family love, lust, master/servant or apprentice/teacher love, etc. Besides being entertaining, Boogie Nights presents these combinations to provoke an insight on our part into the nature of love. This insight is exemplified in Jack’s notion of the ideal pornographic filmRead MoreLove Is Defined By The Dictionary879 Words   |  4 Pagesexplain it. Love is defined by the dictionary as: A profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. A feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection, as for a parent, child, or friend (â€Å"Love†). Have you ever thought of what love means to you? Does everyone use the term love the same way? Do they think about the meaning of the word before they use it? I don t think so. The word love is so commonly used in our society that they do not think twice about it when they say the word. in someRead More The Complexity of Sex in a Complex Culture Essay example1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe Complexity of Sex in a Complex Culture      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sex is a universal irony.   Modern society is bombarded by sexual images yet the definition of sex is much more hidden.   The words sex, love making, and sexual relations may be perceived differently from one person to the next.   Sex is an abstract word, difficult to define because of a taboo in America against publicly discussing the issue.   Thus, because the topic of sex is discussed among friends privately more often than publicly

Hsm Law Profile Paper Free Essays

It is important for all health care recipients and health care providers to read information regarding HIPAA that way everyone will be informed of what rights are privacy they are entitled to and the workers are aware of what information needs to remain confidential. People can receive handouts regarding information about HIPAA, as well as the Internet. There are hundreds of online websites that people can go to in order to receive more information on how HIPAA works and what is required to ensure everyone follows the laws that go along with HIPAA. We will write a custom essay sample on Hsm Law Profile Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Breaking the law can have some major consequences so it is important to understand HIPAA and what privacy laws are enforced to protect a patient’s information. The information that is provided informs health care workers and organizations what rights a patient has and the consequences of breaking the rules, whether intentional or accidental. HIPAA affects the day-to-day operations within human service organizations. The reason it affects the human service organizations is because HIPAA has to be followed on a day-to-day basis.Every day an employee goes into work, they are to honor HIPAA and their clients by not reveling any personal patient information and to keep all information confidential. Once becoming employed, a person is informed of HIPAA and what the rules and regulations are according to HIPAA standards. HIPAA regulations state that they are to protect privacy so every worker knows not to reveal anything personal, even to family or friends. When a client comes to them in need, they must be there for the client and they client needs to know that they can trust the workers.If a person goes to a mental health clinic, they will want to know their personal issues will be kept in that room and it will go no further. An employee needs to go into work with a positive attitude of how they should helps those in need of their services, instead of invading their privacy and confidentiality; whether they intentionally do it for specific reasons or if they are just asking a fellow employee for help where others are able to hear the information as well. While many people supported HIPAA, there were some people and organizations that did not support HIPAA.In the beginning, the health care industry was against HIPAA and did not approve of the rules set by HIPAA. â€Å"Health care providers, health care organizations, and, to some extent, health plans thought of the proposed HIPAA rules as just another federal mandate that would cost the industry billions of dollars to implement and monitor† (Bowers, n. d. ). The health care industry is still having issues with HIPAA rules and regulations but more organizations are coming to terms with HIPAA and focusing on the positive aspects that HIPAA provides instead of focusing on negative issues.Even though it can be hard for some organizations to understand HIPAA, they are researching it and coming to terms on how to handle HIPAA in order to better serve their patients. There will be ramifications to clients and the organization if the law is not followed. If an employee allowed personal and private information to be released to other people regarding a client, then the client could feel betrayed and hurt. The client could, in turn, sue the company where the employee worked for personal damages in regards to their privacy being invaded. Both the client and employee would suffer from the law being broken.It is important to always follow the rules because the consequences could be severe. The client could be humiliated if the worker breaks the rules and releases private information and not trust the organization anymore. The organization could begin to get a bad reputation and there could be fewer people that go to the organization for help. The organization could suffer and be put out of business, all because of an employee who broke the law. The rightful thing to do to the employee would be for the employee to receive a strong warning or, depending on how severe the law was broken, a leave of absence or termination from the job.I think that HIPAA has wonderful privacy laws that need to be used in human service organizations. In the technological world, it can be difficult for personal information to remain private, so it is great that HIPAA was established. HIPAA serves a great purpose, being that it protects a patient’s privacy. There are great resources that everyone could use to find out more information about HIPAA and what laws it provides, including the Internet. It is important that health care recipients and health care workers learn the rules and regulations of HIPAA because the laws will be enforced on a day-to-day basis and must be followed at all times.Even though some organizations were against HIPAA, it is important to enforce the rules of HIPAA for the best interest of the patient and their privacy rights. It is important to enforce strict punishment for those who break the rules of HIPAA because it could cause humiliation if the patient’s private information was released to other people who did not need to know about it. I think it is great that HIPAA was established becaus e there needs to be strict privacy rules for patients because too often, there is confidential information released to people who do not need to know the information. Reference Page Bowers, D, (N. D. ). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act: is it really all that bad? Retrieved from http://www. baylorhealth. edu/proceedings/14_4/14_4_bowers. pdf Highmark, Inc. , (2010). What is HIPPA? Retrieved from https://www. highmark. com/hmk2/about/hipaa/hipaaMain. shtml#whatishipaa Highmark, Inc. , (2010). Whom does HIIPPA affect? Retrieved from https://www. highmark. com/hmk2/about/hipaa/hipaaMain. shtml#whatishipaa How to cite Hsm Law Profile Paper, Essays

The consequences of mandatory corporates - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss abouttThe consequences of mandatory corporates. Answer: Introduction In todays business world, Corporate Governance and Sustainability Reporting are considered as two of the major factors for organizational success. Corporate Governance refers to the mechanisms, processes and relations that help the business organizations in controlling and directing their business activities (Tricker and Tricker 2015). On the other hand, Sustainability Reporting is considered as the report that helps the organizations in providing information regarding their economic, environmental, social and corporate governance performance to their stakeholders (Ioannou and Serafeim 2017). Thus, the main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate various aspects of sustainability reporting and corporate governance for JB HI FI Limited, Australia. Governance Mechanism of JB HI FI The board of directors of JB HI FI puts utmost importance on their effective corporate governance mechanism for addressing various environmental and social matters. JB HI FI develops their corporate governance policies for their shareholders, suppliers and customers. Another major aim of the corporate governance mechanism of JB HI FI is to continuously monitor and review the development of sustainability reporting. With the help of corporate governance mechanism, JB HI FI ensures that all of their business operations are carried on ethically and as per the high standard of corporate governance (jbhifi.com.au 2017). The annual report of JB HI FI states that the company complies with all regulations and policies of 3rd edition of the ASX Corporate Governance Council Principles and Recommendations. Specifically, in the year of 2017, JB HI FI has fully complied with all the principles of ASX Recommendations. In the year 2017, the board of directors of JB HI FI has approved the Corporate Governance Statement and effective from 14 August 2017. These are the corporate governance mechanism of JB HI FI for sustainability (jbhifi.com.au 2017). Link between Sustainability and Risk Management The sustainability report of JB HI FI states that the company has three kinds of sustainability risks in their business operations. However, JB HI FI has linked their sustainability risks with their risk management procedures in an effective way. The first risk is Economic Sustainability risk that affects the ability of JB HI FI to continue in their current economic production level for long-term. As a part of risk management, JB HI FI has developed several strategies to reduce economic sustainability risk like implementation of proactive management system, provide encouragement to technological innovation and many others (jbhifi.com.au 2017). The next risk is Environmental Sustainability risk that affects JB HI FI to continue their business operation by not harming the ecosystem or the environment. In this aspect also, JB HI FI has linked this risk to risk management procure with the help of certain strategies. Some of these major strategies are carbon disclosure project, the promot ion of energy efficient products, packaging agreements, recycling of mobile phones and others. The third risk is Social Sustainability risk that affects the companys ability to meet the social norms. The company has developed certain risk management strategies to minimize this risk. Some of the major strategies are various workplace-giving programs, different donation initiatives and many others. With the help of these above-mentioned strategies, JB HI FI has linked sustainability to their risk management systems (jbhifi.com.au 2017). Guidance for Implementing Environmental, Social Performance and Reporting System The annual report of JB HI FI shows that the company follows certain guidelines for implementing environment and social performance reporting system. It needs to be mentioned that the company complies with all the required principles and standards for their environmental and social performance. For this purpose, the company complies with the regulations of 3rd edition of the ASX Corporate Governance Council Principles and Recommendations (asx.com.au 2017). According to this guidelines, it is the responsibly of the business organizations to disclose about all data and information regarding the environmental and social performance. The annual report of JB HI FI states that the company has taken several initiatives for mitigating the risks of sustainability. These initiatives have been taken to minimize the risks of both economic and environmental sustainability risks. Thus, it is required for the company to report about the progress of these sustainability initiatives. In present busin ess world, investors largely consider the sustainability activities of companies before investment. Complying with the standards of 3rd edition of the ASX Corporate Governance Council Principles and Recommendations helps JB HI FI to report their progress in sustainability initiatives in an effective manner (asx.com.au 2017). Practice of CSR In the business environment of Australia, the ASX listed companies are required to maintain four components; they are prescribed environment disclosures, obligation for continuous disclosure, obligation for general reporting and obligation for periodic reporting (researchonline.mq.edu.au 2017). it needs to be mentioned that the companies can become greatly beneficial from the voluntary disclosure of CSR practices. First, the companies can obtain defined CSR reporting framework for the elimination of potential sustainability manipulation. Second, in the presence of uniform CSR disclosure framework, there will be greeted degree of comparability between the companies of ASX in terms of sustainability reporting. Third, the stakeholders of the companies will be able to assess the CSR as well as sustainability activities of the companies before investing. In addition, there are many other benefits (Dhaliwal et al. 2012). However, CSR disclosure varies from industry to industry. For example , the manufacturing companies affect the environment as well as community with their production activities. For this reason, they are required to disclose more on CSR as well as sustainability activities as compared to any service provider company. However, all the companies are required to disclose their CSR as well as sustainability performance for their stakeholders and investors (Chan, Watson and Woodliff 2014). Conclusion The above discussion shows that the board of directors of JB HI FI largely focuses on the aspects of corporate governance as well as sustainability reporting. In this aspect, JB HI FI complies with the principles and standards of 3rd edition of the ASX Corporate Governance Council Principles and Recommendations for corporate governance and CSR activities. In addition, the above discussion also shows that JB HI FI has linked their sustainability risks with their risk management activities with the help of different sustainability strategies. References Asx.com.au. (2018).Corporate Governance Council. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/regulation/corporate-governance-council.htm [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. asx.com.au. (2018).Corporate governance principles and recommendations. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Chan, M.C., Watson, J. and Woodliff, D., 2014. Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.59-73. Dhaliwal, D.S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2012. Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.723-759. Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2017. The consequences of mandatory corporate sustainability reporting. Jbhifi.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au/Documents/2017%20Annual%20Report.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Researchonline.mq.edu.au. (2018).CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEXT: THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY SUSTAINABILITY DISCLOSURE FOR LISTED PUBLIC COMPANIES IN AUSTRALIA?. [online] Available at: https://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/mq:3083/DS01?view=true [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

The Ring Essay Research Paper It was free essay sample

The Ring Essay, Research Paper ? It was go oning once more. Charley wouldn? t stay locked in the secret topographic point. Charley insisted on thought of Erin. Merely two more Charley whispered. Then I? ll halt? ( p.1 ) . Charley is a psycho slayer in the fresh Loves Music, Loves to Dance by Mary Higgens Clark. This novel is about two misss, Darcy and Erin, who are replying personal ads because their friend is making a narrative about people who place and reply ads. Erin goes on one peculiar day of the month with a adult male who calls himself Charles North. Erin is found dead two yearss subsequently on a boat dock by the main road. When she was found she was have oning one of her ain places and an odd dance hall dancing shoe. The FBI figures out that there is a cereal slayer and they impulse everyone non to reply the personal ads. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ring Essay Research Paper It was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite what everyone says, Darcy supports replying, these ads in hope that she will happen Erin? s slayer. Darcy goes on many day of the months and the one individual she would neer surmise. While at his place, she discoveries Erin? s ring. The cardinal scene in this novel is when Darcy is on a day of the month with Michael Nash, otherwise known as Charles North. She starts to acquire really nervous because he is moving highly unusual, so she de cides to walk around a small at his? composing cabin? . Darcy goes to sit back down on the sofa and stairss on something about wholly covered by the periphery on the carpet. Ignoring it, she sits down and Begins agitating uncontrollably. While agitating so severely, Darcy by chance spilt some sherry on the carpet. As she dabbed the vino up with a serviette, she noticed Erin? s ring. She thought, ? Erin? s ring. Erin had been here. Erin had answered Michael Nash? s ad? ( p.279 ) . This is the cardinal scene because this is where the fresh becomes really suspenseful. Here, you realize that Michael killed Erin and now it? s Darcy? s bend. Since this narrative is written so good, the author made it even more cliff-hanging by seting Darcy and Michael off at this small house that no 1 knows approximately. This is non merely the cardinal scene, but the best scene. I like how the author wrote it to do this be the point where the novel begins to unknot. After the cardinal scene, Darcy and Michael begin to dance. Darcy can state Michael is traveling psycho. Then he tells her it is her clip. Merely in clip, everyone figures out where Darcy is and saves her life. This is a really good written fresh and I extremely urge it to anyone who enjoys suspense.

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement When you first move in with your college roommate (either in an apartment or in the residence halls), you may want- or have- to set up a roommate agreement or roommate contract. While not usually legally binding, roommate agreements are an excellent way to make sure that you and your college roommate are on the same page about the everyday details of living with someone else. And while they may seem like a pain to put together, roommate agreements are a smart idea. There are a variety of ways you can approach a roommate agreement. Many agreements come as a template and can provide you with general areas and suggested rules. In general, though, you should cover the following topics: 1. Sharing Is it okay to use each others stuff? If so, are some things off limits? What happens if something breaks? If both people are using the same printer, for example, who pays to replace the paper? The ink cartridges? The batteries? What happens if something gets broken or stolen on somebody elses watch? 2. Schedules What are your schedules like? Is one person a night owl? An early bird? And whats the process for someones schedule, especially in the morning and late at night? Do you want some quiet time when you get done with class after lunch? Or time to hang out with friends in the room? 3. Study Time When does each person study? How do they study? (Quietly? With music? With the TV on?) Alone? With headphones? With people in the room? What does each person need from the other to make sure they get adequate study time and can keep up in their classes? 4. Private Time Its college. You and/or your roommate might very well be dating someone - and want time alone with him or her. Whats the deal with getting time alone in the room? How much is OK? How much advance notice do you need to give a roommate? Are there times when its not OK (like finals week)? How will you let each other know when not to come in? 5. Borrowing, Taking or Replacing Something   Borrowing or taking something from your roommate is practically inevitable over the course of the year. So who pays for it? Are there rules about borrowing/taking? For example, its OK to eat some of my food as long as you leave some for me.   6. Space This may sound silly, but think - and talk - about space. Do you want your roommates friends hanging out on your bed while youre gone? At your desk? Do you like your space neat? Clean? Messy? How would you feel if your roommates clothes started sneaking over to your side of the room? 7. Visitors When is it OK to have people hanging out in the room? People staying over? How many people are OK? Think about when it would or wouldnt be all right to have others in your room. For example, is a quiet study group OK late at night, or should no one be allowed in the room after, say 1 a.m.? 8. Noise Do both of you like the default to be quiet in the room? Music? The TV on as background? What do you need to study? What do you need to sleep? Can someone use earplugs or headphones? How much noise is too much? 9. Food Can you eat each others food? Will you share? If so, who buys what? What happens if someone eats the last of an item? Who cleans it? What kinds of food are OK to keep in the room? 10. Alcohol   If youre under 21 and get caught with alcohol in the room, there can be problems. How do you feel about keeping alcohol in the room? If youre over 21, who buys the alcohol? When, if at all, is it OK to have people drinking in the room? 11. Clothes This ones a biggie for women. Can you borrow each others clothes? How much notice is needed? Who has to wash them? How often can you borrow things? What kinds of things cant be borrowed? If you and your roommate cant quite figure out where to get started or how to come to an agreement on many of these things, dont be afraid to talk to your RA or someone else to make sure things are clear from the beginning. Roommate relationships can be one of the highlights of college, so starting strongly from the beginning is a great way to eliminate problems in the future.

A Report Into Consumer Behavioural Theory

Creating a psychological struggle for customers as well as curing it can be vital to increase market share and customer satisfaction. * Overcoming pre-purchase alternatives to Benecol is a great challenge due to the highly saturated market the brand finds itself in, although this is not impossible as promotion of the products health benefits can lift it. * Consumers can be conditioned to relate to Benecol both consciously and unconsciously through various marketing and production techniques. Marketing strategies can be put in place which are directly or indirectly linked to the purchase or use of the product that gain short or long term boosts in sales or customer satisfaction such as sales promotions or school giveaways to promote health in children which improves brand reputation. * Taking advantage of every point of interaction between the product and the consumer can greatly increase the likelihood that a customer will become loyal to the brand and perhaps even aid the increase of market share. Introduction Consumer behavioural theory gives marketing departments the opportunity to gain a more effective understanding of the customers they have or wish to attain. The theories attached to this subject emotional, cognitive and psychological reaction to marketing and brand management. The following is a report on consumer behaviour related to the Benecol brand with the intention to gain a better organisational understanding of marketing theories and methods relevant to the specific brand. Due to the market segmentation of Benecol, the report largely aims to focus on consumer behaviour closely linked to health and food products, as well as applying more general consumer behavioural theory where relevant. As the relevant theories to consumer behaviour in the case of Benecol are outlined, recommendations will be made in order to aid the company in customer acquisition, retention and satisfaction. Motivation and Need Recognition In assembling this report it was understood that many theories of behavioural aspects of marketing are derived from an organisation’s awareness and understand of its target markets’ needs and desires and those who utilise this most effectively are often the most successful brands. For instance, Coca-Cola has no health benefits, therefore it is marketed as hedonistic product and the more its target market become increasingly health-conscious the more Coke will play on its slogan ‘enjoy’, whilst also increasing its market share in other ways, i. e. hrough the purchase of shares in drinks companies that promote health (Macalister Teather, 2010). The need or desire that is recognised by Benecol’s products is clearly the reduction of cholesterol, the motivation for this is increased health as well as Benecol’s ease of use. The motivation for buying a product that increases the health of the consumer is self-evident in many ways. Value Theory Many researchers have suggested that consumers are ‘value driven’ and find that the enjoyment of a product is balanced between what is given and what is received (Torben, 2005). In short, this theory argues the following factors are counted when a future purchase is considered: From this, it could be argued that Benecol’s price and quality are subjective to the customer as the benefits from use of said product are only noticeable long-term and the economic cost of the range are noticeably, although not unreasonably, higher than alternatives. However, the value the product gives to the consumer from a marketing perspective will be discussed in greater details through other behavioural theories as the above chart is too rudimentary to give explicit argument to Benecol’s potential without more exploration. Information Processing Something highly intrinsic to the product value of Benecol is the emphasis on being ‘the only range of foods to contain Plant Stanol Ester, a unique cholesterol lowering ingredient. ’ (Rasio Plc. , 2011). Getting this information to the public through advertising happens through the brand website, but on television the advertising is focused on basic prompts that will motivate the audience into believing in the benefits of using the product. One example is the latest UK advert which places stress on the convenience of the product with a line in fairly small print about the plant stanol ester underneath the visual of how easy it can be to help lower cholesterol. The information of stanols is considered secondary in marketing the convenience product and therefore is only likely absorbed by those already interested in the product or the advertising. Dissonance This theory is based on a consumer’s cognitive struggle where two beliefs that are reasoned to be true are not consistent. This process of a cognitive clash brings about a motivation to come to a positive conclusion where a psychological compromise can occur to bring an end to the inconsistency, therefore ending the dissonance (Torben, 2005). By advertising the negative effects rival products can have on a consumer’s health, Benecol creates a struggle within the consumer’s mind that whilst they enjoy their regular food and dairy products, they are damaging to their health by creating large amounts of cholesterol. Benecol is then introduced as an alternative to health-damaging products that bridges the psychological inconsistencies in the consumer’s mind by offering a products that helps prevent cholesterol whilst not taking enjoyment away from eating. By offering advertisement reinforced with clinically proven information, the customer is also limited in averting the dissonance caused by Benecol’s initial information about rival product. Benecol therefore markets by initiating dissonance and then promoting a solution to end the consumer’s self-conflict. Balance Theory and Modelling This motivational theory argues that ‘people desire cognitive consistency in their drive to achieve psychological balance in their thoughts, feelings and social relationships’ (Dacko, 2008). In relation to marketing, consumer can be attracted or put off of a product due to a linked influencer even if it is not directly linked to the product, also known as modelling. For example, a woman could be attracted to an anti-wrinkle cream if she sees it endorsed by Dame Helen Mirren because she is a fan of the actress’ work and beauty. Similarly, if an organisation were thinking of using Accenture, a deal could have been negatively affected due to the unrelated infidelities of Tiger Woods, had the latter not ceased to sponsor him when they did. The theory promoted by Benecol is the trifecta of a person balancing convenience, taste and health. Ergo, Benecol is promoted as a product that does not impede on the consumer’s convenience from daily routine in preparing food, manages to taste as good as unhealthy products whilst being a product that promotes good health. Although it has done in the past with Carol Vorderman, Benecol currently does not market its product using celebrity endorsement, something that its rivals, Activia and Actimel do in the UK. Although these products are not exactly the same as Benecol, they produce many products in the same market advertising similar benefits, such as yoghurts and mini-drinks that aid well-being. Pre-purchase Alternative Evaluation This theory bases its argument on the focus that a customer makes a cognitive and emotional decision on the alternatives to the product in question before a purchase is made. Through judging the price, quality and branding of the products in question cognitively, a consumer will then make their decision based on the positive or negative effects that the previous factors will have on their life. As Benecol is marketed as an alternative to unhealthy dairy staples such as yoghurts and spreads, it is undeniable that the market that Benecol is placed in is highly competitive. Benecol spread is nearly twice as expensive as similar products including own brand olive spreads that cost under half the price for twice the weight of product (Ocado, 2011). The following is a statement from international brand analysts Datamonitor in a report for the UK dairy industry: ‘From the consumer’s point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There are a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in similar ways to dairy products, so if dairy prices raise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players. Some of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper storage or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples’ diet and are unlikely to be completely replaced’ (Datamonitor, 2008). From this we see that Benecol has the challenge to promote the positive effects it can have on a consumer’s life rather than any economic benefits it may possess, unless it was marketed in a way that suggested it could save customers money in the long-term as a prevention of high spending due to ill-health. This however is playing on consumer fear and would not be recommended as a means of increasing customer acquisition, retention or satisfaction. Classical Conditioning This theory refers to an argument that consumers can be programmed into acting without being conscious of their conditioning. Through classical conditioning it is argued that by stimulating different emotional states in a consumer through the use of marketing, product placement, packaging or use, the consumer’s approach to the product becomes altered to act immediately with a certain approach to a product that is involuntary (East, Wright, Vanhuele, 2008). With Benecol, it could be argued that consumers are conditioned into both positive and negative emotional reactions through our marketing. The deep mint green logo surrounded by a heart blended with soft, sky blue backgrounds in our packaging and advertising is warming and few products in the same or similar markets share the same colour scheme so not only are we unique in our packaging so when customers do see similar colours, they are quickly linked back to Benecol which aids them to buy more. As mentioned in relation to other theories of consumer behaviour, fear plays a large part in motivating one to purchase an item which promotes health. Although as a company it would not be ethical to play on fear to boost sales, there is no denying the very real possibility that consumers are motivated to purchase goods when they are conditioned to understand that not doing so could lead them to health problems down the line. A Report Into Consumer Behavioural Theory Creating a psychological struggle for customers as well as curing it can be vital to increase market share and customer satisfaction. * Overcoming pre-purchase alternatives to Benecol is a great challenge due to the highly saturated market the brand finds itself in, although this is not impossible as promotion of the products health benefits can lift it. * Consumers can be conditioned to relate to Benecol both consciously and unconsciously through various marketing and production techniques. Marketing strategies can be put in place which are directly or indirectly linked to the purchase or use of the product that gain short or long term boosts in sales or customer satisfaction such as sales promotions or school giveaways to promote health in children which improves brand reputation. * Taking advantage of every point of interaction between the product and the consumer can greatly increase the likelihood that a customer will become loyal to the brand and perhaps even aid the increase of market share. Introduction Consumer behavioural theory gives marketing departments the opportunity to gain a more effective understanding of the customers they have or wish to attain. The theories attached to this subject emotional, cognitive and psychological reaction to marketing and brand management. The following is a report on consumer behaviour related to the Benecol brand with the intention to gain a better organisational understanding of marketing theories and methods relevant to the specific brand. Due to the market segmentation of Benecol, the report largely aims to focus on consumer behaviour closely linked to health and food products, as well as applying more general consumer behavioural theory where relevant. As the relevant theories to consumer behaviour in the case of Benecol are outlined, recommendations will be made in order to aid the company in customer acquisition, retention and satisfaction. Motivation and Need Recognition In assembling this report it was understood that many theories of behavioural aspects of marketing are derived from an organisation’s awareness and understand of its target markets’ needs and desires and those who utilise this most effectively are often the most successful brands. For instance, Coca-Cola has no health benefits, therefore it is marketed as hedonistic product and the more its target market become increasingly health-conscious the more Coke will play on its slogan ‘enjoy’, whilst also increasing its market share in other ways, i. e. hrough the purchase of shares in drinks companies that promote health (Macalister Teather, 2010). The need or desire that is recognised by Benecol’s products is clearly the reduction of cholesterol, the motivation for this is increased health as well as Benecol’s ease of use. The motivation for buying a product that increases the health of the consumer is self-evident in many ways. Value Theory Many researchers have suggested that consumers are ‘value driven’ and find that the enjoyment of a product is balanced between what is given and what is received (Torben, 2005). In short, this theory argues the following factors are counted when a future purchase is considered: From this, it could be argued that Benecol’s price and quality are subjective to the customer as the benefits from use of said product are only noticeable long-term and the economic cost of the range are noticeably, although not unreasonably, higher than alternatives. However, the value the product gives to the consumer from a marketing perspective will be discussed in greater details through other behavioural theories as the above chart is too rudimentary to give explicit argument to Benecol’s potential without more exploration. Information Processing Something highly intrinsic to the product value of Benecol is the emphasis on being ‘the only range of foods to contain Plant Stanol Ester, a unique cholesterol lowering ingredient. ’ (Rasio Plc. , 2011). Getting this information to the public through advertising happens through the brand website, but on television the advertising is focused on basic prompts that will motivate the audience into believing in the benefits of using the product. One example is the latest UK advert which places stress on the convenience of the product with a line in fairly small print about the plant stanol ester underneath the visual of how easy it can be to help lower cholesterol. The information of stanols is considered secondary in marketing the convenience product and therefore is only likely absorbed by those already interested in the product or the advertising. Dissonance This theory is based on a consumer’s cognitive struggle where two beliefs that are reasoned to be true are not consistent. This process of a cognitive clash brings about a motivation to come to a positive conclusion where a psychological compromise can occur to bring an end to the inconsistency, therefore ending the dissonance (Torben, 2005). By advertising the negative effects rival products can have on a consumer’s health, Benecol creates a struggle within the consumer’s mind that whilst they enjoy their regular food and dairy products, they are damaging to their health by creating large amounts of cholesterol. Benecol is then introduced as an alternative to health-damaging products that bridges the psychological inconsistencies in the consumer’s mind by offering a products that helps prevent cholesterol whilst not taking enjoyment away from eating. By offering advertisement reinforced with clinically proven information, the customer is also limited in averting the dissonance caused by Benecol’s initial information about rival product. Benecol therefore markets by initiating dissonance and then promoting a solution to end the consumer’s self-conflict. Balance Theory and Modelling This motivational theory argues that ‘people desire cognitive consistency in their drive to achieve psychological balance in their thoughts, feelings and social relationships’ (Dacko, 2008). In relation to marketing, consumer can be attracted or put off of a product due to a linked influencer even if it is not directly linked to the product, also known as modelling. For example, a woman could be attracted to an anti-wrinkle cream if she sees it endorsed by Dame Helen Mirren because she is a fan of the actress’ work and beauty. Similarly, if an organisation were thinking of using Accenture, a deal could have been negatively affected due to the unrelated infidelities of Tiger Woods, had the latter not ceased to sponsor him when they did. The theory promoted by Benecol is the trifecta of a person balancing convenience, taste and health. Ergo, Benecol is promoted as a product that does not impede on the consumer’s convenience from daily routine in preparing food, manages to taste as good as unhealthy products whilst being a product that promotes good health. Although it has done in the past with Carol Vorderman, Benecol currently does not market its product using celebrity endorsement, something that its rivals, Activia and Actimel do in the UK. Although these products are not exactly the same as Benecol, they produce many products in the same market advertising similar benefits, such as yoghurts and mini-drinks that aid well-being. Pre-purchase Alternative Evaluation This theory bases its argument on the focus that a customer makes a cognitive and emotional decision on the alternatives to the product in question before a purchase is made. Through judging the price, quality and branding of the products in question cognitively, a consumer will then make their decision based on the positive or negative effects that the previous factors will have on their life. As Benecol is marketed as an alternative to unhealthy dairy staples such as yoghurts and spreads, it is undeniable that the market that Benecol is placed in is highly competitive. Benecol spread is nearly twice as expensive as similar products including own brand olive spreads that cost under half the price for twice the weight of product (Ocado, 2011). The following is a statement from international brand analysts Datamonitor in a report for the UK dairy industry: ‘From the consumer’s point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There are a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in similar ways to dairy products, so if dairy prices raise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players. Some of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper storage or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples’ diet and are unlikely to be completely replaced’ (Datamonitor, 2008). From this we see that Benecol has the challenge to promote the positive effects it can have on a consumer’s life rather than any economic benefits it may possess, unless it was marketed in a way that suggested it could save customers money in the long-term as a prevention of high spending due to ill-health. This however is playing on consumer fear and would not be recommended as a means of increasing customer acquisition, retention or satisfaction. Classical Conditioning This theory refers to an argument that consumers can be programmed into acting without being conscious of their conditioning. Through classical conditioning it is argued that by stimulating different emotional states in a consumer through the use of marketing, product placement, packaging or use, the consumer’s approach to the product becomes altered to act immediately with a certain approach to a product that is involuntary (East, Wright, Vanhuele, 2008). With Benecol, it could be argued that consumers are conditioned into both positive and negative emotional reactions through our marketing. The deep mint green logo surrounded by a heart blended with soft, sky blue backgrounds in our packaging and advertising is warming and few products in the same or similar markets share the same colour scheme so not only are we unique in our packaging so when customers do see similar colours, they are quickly linked back to Benecol which aids them to buy more. As mentioned in relation to other theories of consumer behaviour, fear plays a large part in motivating one to purchase an item which promotes health. Although as a company it would not be ethical to play on fear to boost sales, there is no denying the very real possibility that consumers are motivated to purchase goods when they are conditioned to understand that not doing so could lead them to health problems down the line.

Relationship between oil price rise and the recession in modern world Essay

Relationship between oil price rise and the recession in modern world economy - Essay Example This paper is one of the best examples of analysis of the quantitative relationship between oil prices and economic recession. Conceptual framework advocated by different economists were evaluated and three models for understanding the impact of oil price fluctuations were assessed. These models, despite differing approaches, converge to the same conclusions. For this study the AS/AD model has been chosen in preference to those developed by Mankiw and Blanchard and Sheen. The present situation of change in oil prices was assessed and there is an attempt in the paper to predict what the sharp increase in oil prices is likely to lead to for the major economies of the world. Increases in oil prices have been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity and lower economic growth in the past. As the development rates of the world economy reach all time highs the recession that another oil price hike may cause will be difficult to control by traditional methods, since simultaneously interest rates are already very low and further tightening of money supply would yield very marginal results. While the demand for oil has risen, this is primarily due the push by emerging economies like China and India, the dependence of the economy on oil has reduced considerably with the strengthening of the IT and services sectors. It is concluded that the rise in oil prices will definitely result in an across the board change in prices and thus inflation rates will continue to be high.

Ending Hunger from the Elderly Population Essay

Ending Hunger from the Elderly Population - Essay Example On the other hand food insecurity is also increasing at an exceptional rate in less developed countries, but its growth rate is also significant in the elderly population of the developed nations including America. According to the survey conducted by (Weill), majority of the elderly population in US, is suffering from the phenomenon of malnutrition and food insecurity. However the solution lies in developing a better food distribution network in US, which should provide the food according to the need of every individual and family irrespective of the race, religion and age. This solution is most logical one, because of the observation registered by (Pothukuchi and Kaufman) that points out a deficency in the food distribution system in US. This unjust distribution system for food is the evidence of racism in the culture of America (Zolberg), where whites have so much food to stock, whereas the people with colored skin are starving from hunger. Another factor which is contributing tow ards growing hunger in elders, is the individualistic culture that motivates people to concentrate on their own lives, therefore, they have little time to care about their elders (Savikko). The growing phenomenon of hunger is also causing the health standards of elders to drop significantly, because the medication, these people are taking require healthy food intake for its effectiveness. Majority of the researchers are emphasizing on the implementation of the policies to raise the degree of self sufficiency through training and development (Bowenng, Clancy and Poppendieck), but this paper is against this viewpoint, because old people are often unable to grasp new skills and their ability to actively work is also become limited due to aging. However, govermental agencies are also fairly active in providing relieve to the elderly population in America, but these activities are proven to be less than effective in uprooting the undirsable situation caused by hunger. On the other hand i f this condition is not countered effectively, then it will encompass other citizens of US in round about five years, because right now, US agricultural sector is producing food that is more than its need, but the population growth will cause severe food shortage in US food market, during coming years. In this situation Americans will have to import food items from other countries, which will result in rise in the prices of food items in the local market. This will, therefore worsen the situation for elderly population with minimum income level. It is evident, from the above discussion that, US ought to plan for the demand and supply situation concerning food in the future, otherwise the shortage of food will increase and encompass other members of the population along with elders. The methods of economical health services along with the less expensive and consistent food supply for elders in the society, could be an effective measure for counteracting the developing phenomenon of h unger and food insecurity. Conclusion In the light of a thoroughly conducted field survey, 80% of the food deprived population is constituted by African American elderly males in the shiny city of New York (Bowenng, Clancy, & Poppendieck, 1991). This observation compelled this effort to notify that, racism is still present in the very roots of the American Society,

Astromnomy Lab Questions Essay Example for Free

Astromnomy Lab Questions Essay 1. Why do some scientists believe that there might have been life on Mars? Some scientists believe there was life on Mars due to a number of factors. For one we know there was at one point a substantial amount of liquid water when the planet was much younger. We also know Mars’s electromagnetic field has dampened, making it more susceptible to interstellar heat and radiation, thus eliminating the life that could have existed. There are also other several factors including volcanic activity and evidence of salt oceans. 2. Why are scientists interested in whether water was or is on Mars? What do their tests and observations suggest about the possibility of water on Mars? Scientists are interested in whether water was or is on mars because this is the most direct clue to the signature of life. Scientist’s tests indicate most if not all water is frozen on Mars, but it was not in the distant past during which life could have existed. 3. Why do some scientists believe that life may not have ever existed on Mars? Some scientists believe this because they say it is too far on back in the goldilocks zone. Others note the mineral composition and lack of a strong atmosphere containing proper gas elements. 4. What may have happened to the water on Mars? The atmosphere may have been blown away over time due to the damping of its magnetic fields and thus creating frigid surface conditions freezing all liquid water. 5. What do scientists believe may have happened to leave Mars vulnerable to the solar winds? Scientists hypothesize that the degradation of Mars’s inter core which produces its electromagnetic field that protects the planet from interstellar winds and storms. 6. Do you think life existed or exists on Mars? Why or why not? Use information from the video and unit to provide support for your reasoning. Mars Up Close - your second lab link 1. Why did the scientists choose this particular location for the Spirit rover? Spirit Opportunity couldve landed almost anywhere. From orbital photos, there had been an initial list of 134 landing sites, each of which were debated on the pros and cons of landing there. Spirit was targeted to a landing site that appeared to have been affected by flowing water at some point in the Martian past.

whip poor will Essay -- essays research papers

Whip-poor-will explanation The poem, â€Å"Whip-poor-will† by Donald Hall is written beautifully with a sense of nature and family. Throughout this poem, Hall illustrates these natural occurrences, such as the â€Å"sandy ground†, â€Å"the last light of June†, and â€Å"a brown bird in the near—night, soaring over shed and woodshed to far dark fields†. The bird in this instance is a whippoorwill, defined as a nocturnal nightjar of Eastern North America that uses loud, repetitive calls suggestive of its name. The whippoorwill is an imaginary representation of the poets long lost grandfather. The whippoorwill is active at night, when the subject of the poem is asleep, indicating that the memory of his grandfather is not needed at that time. When he hears the call â€Å"Wes-ley-Wells† each morning, he understands...

Importance of Pakistan Location Essay

Geo strategic means the importance of a country or a region as by virtue of its geographical location. Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of geographic factors on the state power, international conduct and advantages it derives from its location. Stephen Cohn describes this importance â€Å"While history has been unkind to Pakistan, its geography has been its greatest benefit. It has resource rich area in the north-west, people rich in the north-east.† Pakistan is a route for transportation, and a front line state against terrorism. Importance of Pakistan Location Location of Pakistan Pakistan is located between 23 degrees.30 North to 37 degrees North Latitude and 61 degrees East to 77 degrees East Longitude. China lies in the north of Pakistan while Afghanistan and Iran are in the West of it. India lies in the East and in the South is Arabian Sea. The Importance of Location The location of Pakistan is not only unique in the world but of special importance in South Asia. Pakistan links the east with the west. Some important neighbouring countries of Pakistan are as under. China There is 600 km long territory of Pakistan along the border of China. Both countries have political, cultural and trade relations with each other. There is a close cooperation between the two countries in heavy machine industry and many other departments. Silk, cloth, machines etc. are imported from China. India India is a Hindu country in the East of Pakistan. There is a common border of 1600 kilometre in between these countries. Both countries are trying to solve their problems including Kashmir. Due to this enmity, wars of 1948, 1965 and 1971 have been fought between the two countries. In the last war, our one wing East Pakistan got separated from us due to this enmity. India is always busy in conspiracy by the cooperation of a super power despite of knowing that it is better for the welfare of both countries to develop  pleasant terms .Fifteen crore Muslims live in India. Their protection is also a big problem. Central Asian Islamic Countries Pakistan has religious, cultural and economic relation with the Central Asian Islamic Countries. Pakistan is the only country that provides them the nearest sea route and transport facilities. These countries lie in the North West of the Pakistan. Afghanistan Afghanistan is situated to the West of Pakistan. When the English got the control of sub-continent, according to a pact with Afghanistan in 1893, the permanent border between the two countries was marked which is called Durand Line. This line is about 2240 kilometers long with the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Both countries have old religious, cultural and trade terms. Iran To the West of Pakistan is the border of Iran along province of Balochistan. It is our Islamic brother country. Iran was the first country which recognized the existence of Pakistan in 1947. Iran has made political and trade pacts known as R.C.D. Its name is E.C.O which means Discipline for Economic Cooperation. Iran openly helped Pakistan during the wars of 1965 and 1971. Pakistan proves its friendship with Iran in every hour of need. Islamic revolution has come in Iran by the end of kingship. It has also better relations with Pakistan. Trade through Arabian Sea Arabian Sea is in Indian Ocean. Most of the trade between east and west is done through Indian Ocean. Pakistan through Arabian Sea is linked with the Muslims Countries of Persian Gulf. All of them are rich in oil. In Karachi Bin Qasim and Gwader are important seaports of Pakistan. In this respect South-East Asian Muslim countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Burunai, Darussalam) and South Asian Muslim countries (Bangladesh, Maldives and SriLanka) are important. Strategic Importance of Pakistan Proximity of great powers: Pakistan is located at the junction of great powers. In its neighbor’s one  world power Russia and the other emerging power china lies. Any alliance among world powers enhances its significance. This factor has been utilized by Pakistan after 9/11. Security and business are two main US interests in the region while Pakistan is playing a front line role in the war against terrorism. Apart from this US interest in the region to contain the growing china, nuclear Iran, terrorist Afghanistan and to benefit from the market of India. Today the political scenario of the region is tinged with preemption policy and US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. Iran’s nuclear program, India’s geopolitical muscles (new strategic deal with US) to gain hegemony and to counter the rise of China. Which has earned all the qualities to change unipolar world into bipolar world. In all these issues, Pakistan is directly or indirectly involved especially after al-Qaeda operations. The American think tank has repeatedly accepted that war against terrorism could never be won without the help of Pakistan. Gateway to Central Asia-(oil and energy game): Central Asia is the center stage of new Great games. Western quest for resources- oil and energy resources in the central Asia. After USSR decline, new quest started which is as manifested by politics of oil. Pakistan is located very close to the oil rich Middle Eastern countries. The belt started from Iran and extended to Saudi Arabia. Thus, Pakistan can influence shipment of oil. Iran is struggling to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern countries, Qatar, Pakistan and Turkmenistan pipeline projects highlight the position. In the energy scarce world, Pakistan is located in the hub of energy rich countries i-e Iran and Afghanistan: both are energy abundant while India and china are lacking. China finds way to Indian Ocean and Arabian sea through Karakoram highway, Significance as a Transit economy: Pakistan has the potential to develop transit economy on account is its strategic location, land locked Afghanistan now at the phase of reconstruction finds its ways through Pakistan. China with its fastest economy growth rate of 9% us developing southern provinces because its own part is 4500 km away from Sinkiang but Gwader is 2500 km away. Moreover, Pakistan offers central Asian regions the shortest route of 2600 km as compared to Iran 4500 km or turkey 5000 km. gwader port with its deep waters  attracts the trade ships of china, CAR and south east Asian countries., also the coastal belt of Balochistan can provide outlet to china’s western provinces to have access to middles eastern markets with the development of coastal highways and motorways. Important link in the chain of Muslim countries: If we look at the map of Muslim countries, Pakistan occupies a central location. Towards west of Iran, china extends to North Africa. Thus it can actively participate in the activities of Muslim world-economic development, transport of resources and above all combat terrorism. Only Muslim country with nuclear capability: In the region Pakistan is the only Muslim country having nuclear capability which has great influence on the political, socio-economic activities in the region and the maintenance of status quo in the region. China’s link to the Middle East: Pakistan is the only direct and shortest link between China and the Middle East. Imagine the impact of China on the Middle East, if this link is fully functional. Gwadar Port located in proximity of Arabian Gulf and Central Asian Republics provide it unique opportunity to serve both. Pakistan needs to capitalize on them through better diplomatic ties with Arab states and CARs. It is therefore anticipated that oil reserves and other resources of CARs would gradually become the focus of world attention in coming years. However, in case of â€Å"exports to and from CARs† a peaceful and stable Afghanistan is must. The port will also help in promoting trade with Gulf States possessing 63% of world’s oil reserves and will prove instrumental in promoting trans-shipment essentially of containerized cargo besides unlocking the development potential for hinterland. The most important factor that makes Gawadar Port strategically unique is the location with respect to other major ports in the region, which are all located on the other side of the sea. Gwadar port being towards north can easily provide services and facilities to CARs, Afghanistan and China. Reduce Indian hegemony in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean: India has a shared interests with the U.S. and NATO in the subjection of Pakistan. Pakistan would cease to be a client state of the U.S. or a manageable state, because of a likely revolution that would occur in the scenario of a broader war in the Middle East against Iran or a far larger Eurasian war involving China and Russia. Nuclear weapons in the hands of such a revolutionary government in Islamabad would be a threat to Indian national security, NATO operations in Afghanistan, and Israel. It is in the shared interests of the U.S., NATO, Israel, and India to neutralize such a strategic and tactical threat from emerging in Pakistan. This is why NATO has underpinned the objective of balkanizing Pakistan and why the U.S. has talked about taking over Pakistani nuclear facilities via the U.S. military. The subjection of Pakistan is also territorially and militarily to the advantage of New Delhi, because it would eliminate a rival and allow India to gain territory that in the view of many Indians was lost with the partition of India in 1947. Economic Significance of Gwadar Port Gwadar Port is Pakistan’s largest infrastructural project since independence. Gwadar Deep Seaport is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, close to the important Straits of Hormuz, through which more than 13 million barrels of oil passes daily. Ever since the construction of Gwadar deep seaport has been undertaken, it is an opportunity for the people of Balochistan to improve the living conditions in their province. Neighbouring countries are very much interested in investing in Gwadar especially China and has already spent $248 million in its construction. The geographical and strategic location makes the Gwadar Deep Seaport at a much advantageous position than other competing ports, like Rashid and Jebel Ali ports of Dubai, Salalah Port of Oman, Bandar Abbas and Chahbahar ports of Iran. 95% trade takes place through sea in Pakistan. Karachi port is handling 68% whereas Port Qasim takes care of 32% of the sea borne trade. The projected rise in total trade by the year 2015 is 91 million tons. This will increase shipping activity phenomenally at the existing port. Gwadar will help Pakistan to monitor the Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) originating from the Persian Gulf and bottle neck at Strait of Hormuz. Both military and economic power now depends upon oil. It is expected that Gwadar city in  future would turn into an international hub of industrial and commercial activity, which would not only play a key role in the economic development of Balochistan, but also the entire country. To facilitate rapid commercial and economic development, Gwadar will be declared a special economic zone for a certain period. The length of this period has not yet been determined. The SEZ is likely to cover the city of Gwadar and the industrial areas currently planned and foreseen. The specific incentives-regime is likely to include general tax-holidays, no VAT and generous incentives pertaining to business ownership and employment of foreigners. The main purpose of this concept is to accelerate economic development and investments, both foreign and local, in general. This in turn will spur industrial development and port traffic throughput demand. It would also contribute more rapidly to employment creation and uplifting of the Gwadar district and of Balochistan. Trade Significance of Pakistan with Land Locked Countries Pakistann is located in the heart of three vital regions: South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia and thus provides the shortest access to the sea for all landlocked countries of Central Asia besides Western China. It is a fast emerging junction for multiple corridors of cooperation between Afghan, China and CAR involving energy, trade and transportation. Communication and trade correlation between South, Central and West Asia passing through Pakistan has transformed our country into an economic center, giving a boost to inter-regional economic activity. Geographically bordered by Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, China on the northeast, and Arabian Sea lying in the south has promoted the multi-lateral trade with neighboring countries effectively from the last decades. Pakistan is blessed with three major seaports, i.e., Karachi port, Qasim Port and Gwadar port, along with Arabian Sea, which are the main passageway for the transportation via sea to Pakistan also it borders with Afghanistan and China. Geographically lack of a common border with any Central Asian state is one of the primary impediments to accessing the region. Tajikistan, which has borders with Afghanistan and China, is the most strategically located country from Pakistan’s standpoint. Wakhan Corridor, an area in far northeastern Afghanistan that connects Afghanistan and China, could be the most convenient land link between Pakistan and Tajikistan. Influence of U.S.A Invasion in Afghanistan on Trade of Pakistan The conflict and instability in Afghanistan in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks and their regional implications had very negative repercussions for the years following the US invasion of Afghanistan not only saw a huge influx of Afghan refugees across the border into Pakistan but also witnessed a sudden spike in the frequency and scale of terrorist attacks in Pakistan. The cumulative impact of these developments adversely impacted the overall growth rate in all major sectors of the economy. Pakistan continues to pay a heavy price both in the economic and security terms due to this situation and a substantial portion of precious national resources both men and material, have been diverted to address the emerging security challenges for the last several years. This situation disrupted Pakistan’s trading activities which not only resulted in higher costs of business but also created disruptions in the production cycles, resulting in significant delays in meeting the export orders around the globe. As a result, Pakistani products have gradually lost their market share to their competitors. Consequently, economic growth slowed down, demand for imports reduced with declined tax collection and inflows of foreign investment. Conclusion From a general strategic point of view, Pakistan location is very important. Pakistan is a junction of south Asia, west Asia and central Asia; a way from resource efficient countries to resource deficient countries. The world is facing energy crises and terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation and a front line state against terrorism. Moreover Pakistan has been traditionally ally of emerging economic giant; china. So in the vague of any change in world politics, Pakistans geo-strategic significance would further be enhanced. Suggestions Pakistan geography has been its greates benefit. It has resource rich areas, and today Pakistanis are a spirited, modern and forward looking nation and it is undoubtedly no overstatement that educated and passionate and zealous people possesses the most lush mind in the world. What is needed is to just  channelize energies of people and provide them opportunities to outshine themselves and proper use of resources thereby bringing a incredible change to the fortune of Pakistan. References http://defence.pk/threads/geo-strategic-significance-of-pakistan.269246/#ixzz3JhbDa5Ru https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140520173701-91576495-afghan-car-and-chinese-transit-trade-through-pakistani-ports http://aboutpak.blogspot.com/2012/05/importance-of-location-of-pakistan-in.html http://www.pakistanaffairs.pk/threads/13740-Geo-Strategic-Significance-of-Pakistan Dailytimes 03-Jun-2014 Pakistan-lost-RS 8264 billion in war on terror

Comparison of ‘The Speckled Band’ and ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ Essay

In this essay I will be comparing the two stories ‘The Speckled Band’ by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ by Roald Dahl. ‘The Speckled Band’ was written in 1892.This was in The Victorian Period when people had very little faith in the Police and Conan Doyle needed to create a Detective who always got everything right so that the public started to believe the Police could actually get it right. It was first published in a magazine called â€Å"The Strand† in weekly episodes so to a certain extent he needed to keep his readers interested as well which is why the plot is so complicated. The plot is about a woman called Helen Stoner who is going to get married, but someone or something murders her sister who also was supposed to get married. Helen Stoner goes to see Sherlock Holmes to see if he can help solve the crime. The plot is full of twists and red herrings that is up to the reader to try and solve as they go along but as always Sherlock Holmes works out the significance of everything and solves the crime. ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ was written in 1954by Roald Dahl. This story was also published in a magazine called â€Å"Harpers† but was written to be read in one go so it does not have the complicated layout of Conan Doyles story. Instead the reader knows exactly what is going on form the start of the story and the ending is shocking and designed to entertain and horrify. It was written by Dahl to show how women at the time were a lot more powerful than the men gave them credit for and should be respected more than being at home , pregnant. The plot is about a modern couple that seem to be falling out. Mary Maloney is the perfect 1950’s housewife who makes dinner and cleans, but one day when her husband (Patrick Maloney) comes home from work they have an argument. Mary loses her temper with Patrick and hits him over the head with a leg of lamb and accidentally kills him. In a panic she phones the police and puts the leg of lamb in the oven to cook for dinner. When the police arrive she persuades them to eat the lamb because it would be a waste of food. In the end the police eat the evidence and Mary didn’t get caught. Dahl uses comic irony at the end to engage the reader as Mary sits there laughing about what she has done; you don’t imagine her to do this as a middle class housewife. The times that these stories are set in are both very different. Like travel, in ‘The Speckled Band’. They travel by horse and cart but in ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ trey use car or foot just like in the modern day. For communication the people in 1892 would have to write or go and see the person they wanted to talk to but in 1954 they would have used the telephone. Also in 1892 they did not have much electricity so they used candles instead of light, whereas in 1954 they had lots of electricity. In 1892 the women would have worn veils and long skirts but in 1954 they would have they would have worn jeans, t-shirt etc. in 1892 rich families would lived in large houses with servants but in the modern day most families are middle classed and do not have the money for servants etc. When there was an enquiry in 1892 the detectives would have had to use their own knowledge to solve crimes but in 1954 they would use fingerprints, evidence etc to solve the crimes. The language used in ‘The Speckled Band’ was old fashioned and very formal like when Sherlock Holmes says â€Å"Very sorry to knock you up Watson, † said he, â€Å"but it’s the common lot this morning.† He also says things like â€Å"Mrs Hudson has been knocked up, she reported upon me, and I on you.† This isn’t the kind of language we would use in the modern day and proves that it is set in 1892. However in ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ there was a lot of slang and it was not as formal. Like when Mary says â€Å"Hullo darling.† And † Hullo Sam† to the grocer. However the way she speaks to Sam the grocer proves it was set in the 1950’s and not in any other time because we would not know the person in the corner shops first name today but it was common in the 1950’s to be friendly with them. In ‘The Speckled Band’ Sherlock Holmes is the main character. He is a famous detective and solves difficult cases. Conan Doyle invented him because people in the Victorian times were fed with the fact that the police could not solve any crimes and he wanted a character that always got everything right. However in ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ there were police who are good at solving cases but wouldn’t be able to solve them without any evidence and they are very arrogant and treat Mary as a silly woman when in fact she is the person who has tricked them and been the murderer. Dahl does this to shock his readers and make it even more dramatic which Conan Doyle would not want to do because they needed to trust their detective! In ‘The Speckled Band’ the killer was a snake that had been hypnotised by Helen Stoner’s stepfather, but all the way through the story he is a suspect and he acts suspiciously like when Helen goes to visit Sherlock Holmes to tell him what has been going on, shortly after she leaves her stepfather came in asking if she has been here. It seemed like he had something to hide, but in the end it had nothing to do with him. In ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ Mary seems like a nice, gentle woman who feels that she has to help out. Like when she says, â€Å"Darling, shall I get your slippers?† but after the police eat the evidence she laughs so I think he whole issue hade made her go a bit insane. At the beginning of the story you didn’t expect it from her because she just seems like a normal, average wife like when it said about ‘She took his coat and hung it in the closet.’ and when it said ‘She was sat back again in her chair with the sewing.’ The scene seems too realistic for something bad to happen. In ‘The Speckled Band’ the victim was Helen Stoner’s sister because there was nothing anyone could do to save her; this made the readers feel very sorry for her. The next victim was Helen Stoner and because nobody knew what killed her sister it seemed that she needed protection. I would expect someone like her to be the next victim because she is a woman who has done nothing wrong and is innocent. I don’t think her or her sister deserved to be the victims because they are both just happy and normal people. In ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ you don’t feel sorry for Patrick because he is being horrible to Mary and you feel automatically on her side from the beginning. I think he deserved to be upset but not killed because they are just having a falling out. ‘The Speckled Band’ is set in Stoke Moran, which is Helen’s stepfather house. Sherlock Holmes is investigating the house. I think it is a good setting for a murder to take place and because it’s a very big house which makes it creepier for the reader because you don’t know what is doing the killings. ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ is set in Mary Maloney’s house. I think the way the author has described it makes it sound very realistic, like when he says, â€Å"The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight.† This makes the room sound cosy and like it really exists. You can really picture the scenery. I also think it’s a good setting for a murder because you can imagine it happening there. I think I would expect it because so many crimes in real life have been taken place in houses. Out of the two stories I preferred ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ because it is easier to understand and keeps you interested all the way though with the description it uses. I disliked the other story because the speaking parts dragged on to long and I did really just want to get on and find out what happens.

Consumer culture †Is Individual Identity Shaped Essays

Consumer culture – Is Individual Identity Shaped Essays Consumer culture – Is Individual Identity Shaped Essay Consumer culture – Is Individual Identity Shaped Essay Consumer civilization – Is Individual Identity Shaped by Consumption or is it the Basis of Consumer Choice? In order to reply this inquiry it is necessary to research the research undertaken within the country in order to construct up a clear image of whether individualities are shaped by purchases and ownerships, or whether individualities shape individual’s consumer activities. The findings will be contrasted with Hagiographas on consumer behavior, which addresses issues such as young person disbursement, category consumer wonts and ethical consumer disbursement. This will all be placed within the current context of the global supermarket’ . Mannetti, Pierro and Livi ( 2002 ) conducted a survey on ingestion, which aimed to demo that identity variables contribute significantly to the account of purchase intention ( 1431 ) . Within their research, they quote James ( 1980 ) , who stated that, It is clear that between what a adult male calls me and what he merely calls mine the line is hard to pull. We feel and act about certain things that are ours really much as we feel and act about ourselves†¦in its widest possible sense, nevertheless, a adult males Self is the sum sum of what he CAN name his, non merely his organic structure and his psychic powers, but his apparels and his house ( quoted within Mannetti et Al, 1432 ) . It is clear that Mannetti et Al seek individuality to be added as a constituent to the TPB theoretical account ( Theory of Planned Behaviour ) ; a behavior theoretical account developed by Ajzen, which was designed to understand the procedures within which persons make determinations. Identity is non presently one of the prevailing factors within this theoretical account. They recognise the norms associated with ownerships and how they influence consumerism, as they province, to understand consumer behavior we must hold on the significance that individuality has a strong correlativity to consumerism. To back up their statement they quote Write, Claiborne and Sirgy ( 1992 ) who states that merchandises are associated with stereotyped images of users, connoting that consumers make a determination whether to adhere to that stereotype by buying the merchandise. Mannetti et al’s survey tests the potential utility of ego individuality to merchandise consumer behavior identities ( 1435 ) with allusion to three merchandises: nomadic phones of no specific trade name, back packs of which the trade name was Invicta, and tickers of which the trade name was Swatch. They province that the monetary values of the nomadic phones were high for the market, and low for the back packs and tickers. They discovered that the consequences from the nomadic phone survey showed that subjective norms played a big portion in whether an person would take a specific phone. They besides province that this contradicts old research as subjective norms have been shown to be the weakest factor in finding action. They note that the high presence of such norms in act uponing determination could be down to the fact that nomadic phones are a typical instrument for keeping societal relations ( 1439 ) . Mobile phones are used for texting’ – directing short t yped messages to other phones, and can be used to take and direct photographic images. In this sense so, it is non surprising that subjective norms would be predominating factor in the determination devising procedure for this point. The Invicta back packs demonstrated somewhat different consequences. It appeared that identity similarity’ instead than subjective norms influenced the determination to buy this merchandise, in other words the more participants perceives themselves to be like the typical user of Invicta back packs, the more they intended to buy one of them ( 1442 ) . Similar consequences were found refering the Swatch ticker. This would therefore indicate that, as stereotyped individualities are prescribed to an point, comprehending whether the consumer fits this individuality before buying is an of import factor. They besides point set that as their survey included functional points – phones, back packs and tickers, the impression of similarity identity’ and subjective norm force per unit area would be even more relevant in the determination devising procedure for luxury purchases. To sum up Mannetti et al’s survey of consumer behavior, they province that their survey supported the impression that, Peoples can develop an purpose to buy a merchandise because they are cognizant that the stereotyped image of the generalized user of that merchandise is close/similar to their ain existent egos ; that is they understand that the specific purchase affords the expression/confirmation of who they think themselves to be ( 1447 ) . They besides point out Wicklund and Gollwitzer remarks, that it could be argued persons recognise the stereotyped image associated with a certain merchandise, and recognize that as an ideal version of themselves. This is non who they are but who they would wish to be, and believe that by buying the point they could go, or at least appear, to be this idealized version. Shaw and Shui’s ( 2002 ) survey entitledThe Role of Ethical Obligation and Self Identity in Ethical Consumer Choice, focuses on how individual’s ethical beliefs affect their consumer picks. They province, In the context of ethical consumer behavior, determination devising may be driven by a sense of ethical duty and ego individuality with ethical issues ( 109 ) . Shaw and Shui besides refer to the TPB theoretical account within their survey. They quote Sparks et Al ( 1995 ) who province that in certain state of affairss or for certain behaviors, perceives moral duty may arise in the influence of others, and perceptual experiences of such duties may, in bend influence attitudes toward behavior ( 271 ) ( 110 ) . Shaw and Shui province that the TPB theoretical account is based on hedonistic results instead than a consideration of useful motives ( 110 ) and steadfastly believe that ethical concerns contribute to the determination to buy. They besides comment on Sparks et A l ( 1995 ) survey which found that subjective norms did non do a considerable part to merchandise pick, which is in resistance to Mannetti et Al. Shaw and Shui’s survey discovered, as they had predicted, that identification with ethical issues is likely to ensue in an empathy for these concerns, and the consequent development of a more positive attitude towards them ( 114 ) . For illustration, persons with a positive ethical attitude towards supplying a just monetary value for manufacturers would claim that buying fair-trade java would be of importance to them. This survey does connote that personal individuality forms consumer pick, nevertheless it does non supply a definite reply. It could be argued that persons may desire to be viewed as possessing positive ethical beliefs and in order to make so would buy ethical merchandises, such as fair-trade points. With respect to ingestion and individuality, it is necessary to discourse the disbursement attitudes of young persons. Benn’s ( 2004 ) survey on such attitudes illustrates the power and possible kids and immature people have in relation to consumption ( 108 ) . Youths, as Benn points out, are really cognizant of brand power’ and the stereotyped images associated with trade names ; they know precisely what trade name and type they want to purchase and lodge to it, until the following tendency takes over ( 111 ) . Ben mentions one kid within his survey who wears skater’ apparels, and who by making so, perceives himself as skater’ , even though he does non partake in the activity. As Storry and Childs province ( 2002 ) , immature people express their individualities through their purchases, for illustration, the apparels they wear, the nutrient they eat and the music they listen to. Their involvements and leisure activities come at a retail monetary value ; s howing their individualities comes at a retail monetary value. The allotment of norms onto consumer goods is even more prevailing within youth civilization, as Benn’s skater’ male child demonstrates. Identities can be bought and exchanged for new 1s as the tendencies alteration, bespeaking that consumer pick molds identities instead than individuality being the footing of consumer pick. Celia Lurey ( 1997 ) suggests that members of the on the job categories now use consumer picks to project an image that used to be associated with in-between categories. Storry and Childs besides back up this by saying that working people ( are ) going more money centred, household centred and individualistic†¦house and auto ownership in working category countries has become a symbol of lifting status ( 223 ) . Class now appears to be determined by passing ability, although it is non merely the ability to pass, but besides the ways in which that money is spent. A relevant illustration of this could be the popularity of individualized figure home bases ; a clear illustration of projecting individuality through consumerism. Personalised figure home bases project a certain stereotyped individuality, and those who purchase such points, it would be safe to presume, deliberately project this individuality. Britain’s current category construction is now a construction, Lurey sug gests, which because of consumer civilization, enables its members to elect their places instead than hold it imposed upon them. This implies that the points persons purchase determine their individuality, or at least how those individualities are perceived. One facet that must be addressed when discoursing how and why persons spend is the global supermarket’ The Global supermarket is a place where consumers happily choose individualities as they might take suits of clothes ( Matthews, 2000, 178 ) . Matthews states that within the definition of post modern’ society, it states that bing within the planetary supermarket enhances the inability to believes in any larger narrative about the significance of human being, or to stretch its definition a small, the inability to dream of national cultural roots ( 178 ) . Matthews is proposing that single penchants form individuality within this planetary supermarket. Lyon ( 1999 ) suggests that The postmodern is†¦associated with a society where consumer life styles and mass ingestion dominate the waking lives of its members†¦will the postmodern status leave us in a lasting flux of relativity, where all is capable merely to the arbitrary intrigues of the market place? shall we henceforth discover our individuality and integrating in the market place entirely? ( Lyon, 1999, 55-56 ) . Matthews’s sentiment is based on the premise that persons have the freedom to make up ones mind what they wish to devour, based on their gustatory sensations and desires, in other words their individuality. Lyon appears to hold a less positive position of the planetary supermarket, as he gives the feeling that persons stumble through a non-existent world in despairing hunt of an individuality. He implies that persons require such individualities in order to incorporate within society, showing the force per unit area consumerist society inflicts upon its members. Bauman ( 1998 ) states that universally adored in the individuals of the rich is their fantastic ability to pick and take the contents of their lives†¦Being local in a globalised universe is a mark of societal want and degradation ( 95 ) . Bauman is proposing that taking to be local’ within the planetary supermarket, in other words non showing involvements in activities and merchandises that are available f rom the planetary supermarket, is viewed in a negative mode by consumer society. Bauman, like Matthews, perceives the handiness of merchandises and scope of pick within the planetary supermarket as a approval, he demonstrates the force per unit areas to pass and devour within the planetary supermarket ; the force per unit area to take an individuality. As Lurey provinces, the manner in which the persons exercise the will to choose one merchandise as penchant over another, or non to take an point at all, is taken as a mark of individuality ( 248 ) . It is suggested that consumer choice’ is still the agencies by which our society thinks about single bureau and liberty and makes opinions ( good or bad ) about personal identity ( 248 ) . Therefore staying local’ within the planetary supermarket is besides an index of an individual’s individuality. Not devouring within consumer society is every bit every bit of import as trade name pick in finding how others perceiv e individuality ; and is an mercantile establishment for showing individuality. The inclusion of choice’ nevertheless, harmonizing to Hoggart ( 2004 ) is a myth. He states that mass ingestion implies mass approval ( 81 ) . In other words, peculiar merchandises are perceived every bit superior as the multitudes consumed them. He gives the illustration: McDonald’s beefburgers are the pinnacle of culinary criterions of gustatory sensation: much better than a repast prepared by a three-star chef since so many more 1000000s have voted for it with their mouths ( 81 ) . This witty illustration absolutely illustrates how an point that is perceives as being popular becomes popular. This barbarous rhythm is abused by advertisement with the consequence of consumers buying points that they believe to be superior due to the belief that others think so excessively. It could be argued that persons hence had no pick at all, as the planetary supermarket persuades persons to devour what is popular, or what is perceived to be popular. There appears to be valid statements for both opposing constructs ; whether single individuality is shaped by ingestion, or whether individuality is the footing of what one consumes. It would look that depending upon the usage of the specific consumerable’ point, and whether or non other people will be able to see an persons ownership of the point, has a great affect on the determination doing procedure of devouring that point. Clothes and accoutrements, music and points such as nomadic phones, carry a batch of subjective norms and stereotypes and it could hence be argued, as it was shown by Mannetti et Al, that these points project an individuality. It has to be proven nevertheless, whether or non persons consume points which demonstrate who they are, or whether they demonstrate who they want to be. Lunt and Livingstone ( 1992 ) province that consumer civilization provides conditions within which most people work out their identities ( 29-33 ) , proposing that individualities are developed with the usage of consumerism. Mannetti et al conclude by saying that it seems that in modern-day mundane life, the presentation of ego ( Goffman, 1959 ) is based on stuff ownerships ( even cheap 1s ) every bit much as, if non more than, on the look of attitudes and opinions ( 1446 ) . It would look so, that as society Judgess one another based on stuff ownerships it can merely be concluded that in the bulk of instances, single individuality is shaped by ingestion. Society attached norms and values onto objects, and by devouring these objects, these norms and values are displayed for others to see and measure. Plants Cited/Bibliography: Diaries: Benn, J. , Consumer Education Between Consumership’ and Citizenship: Experiences from Studies of Young People , inInternational Journal of Consumer Surveies, 2004, March, 28 ( 2 ) , pp108-116. Chapman, K. , K. , Grace-Martin and H.T. Lawless, Expectations and Stability of Preference Choice , inJournal of Sensory Surveies, 2006, 21, pp 441-445. Elliott, R. , Existential Consumption and Irrational Desire , inJournal of Marketing, 1997, 31, pp 285-296. Mannetti, L. , A. Pierro, and S. 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